Compensation Strategies Essay

Executive Summary This report will look at 3 different compensation systems that our company can develop and roll out within our company for our employees and future employees. Compensation is one of the most important and rewarding factors for our employees. Employees rely on their compensation to pay their rent or mortgage, food for their family, vacations, education for their children, and prepare for their retirement life. How compensation is paid can determine the quality of employee you obtain and how long you retain them. This report provides information on different compensation strategies to attract/recruit good talent, improve employee production and retain valued employees. Annual merit increases help companies to continue being competitive in the work force. Research shows employees want to work for employers that are competitive with salaries. By moving to an annual merit increase system employees will continue to increase production and meet business objectives to receive more compensati on. Employees look at merit increases as entitlement and production can remain flat. Our company can increase productivity across the board by tying business goals to merit increases. In order to get the production needed, communication from management will need to take place to set expectations of achieving goals and what the potential merit increase the employee can receive by hitting those goals. Healthcare benefits can be a deciding factor for many people on whether or not they consider working for our company or if they decide to leave our company. Health benefits provided by the employer shows they care  about the employee and it helps get the employee back to work quicker which helps to be more productive. Healthcare is not only a benefit to the employee but also part of their compensation. Communication and training by management should be conducted annually to go over the employees full Comprehensive Compensation Package to show the total monetary amount received by the employee from the employer. The last type of compensation we will consider for the employees as a company is a 401(k) plan. 401(k) plans are growing with the number of employers that are providing options for their employees. As the research shows, the cost of losing an employee in the long run due to not providing a 401(k) plan can create higher turnover and training costs. We want to recruit and keep top employees and based on the research shown, providing a 401(k) plan will do what we need. My recommendation is to implement the annual merit system, health care benefits and a 401(k) plan. For the compensation packages to be a success we will create compensation statements for every employee to review and train all managers with direct reports so they can deliver the great message we have to share. Also, goals and expectations will be implemented as early as possible during the year to establish a strong foundation for performance. Our compensation plan is intended to attract key talent, increase employee engagement, incent and retain high-performing managers who will enhance the profitability of our company and create value for our shareowners. Introduction Compensation is an important element of our company. Employees rely on their compensation to pay their rent or mortgage, food for their family, vacations, education for their children, and prepare for their retirement life. How compensation is paid can determine the quality of employee you obtain and how long you retain them. This report provides information on different compensation strategies to attract/recruit good talent, improve employee production and retain valued employees. Also, with sales volume goals to increase, technology and innovation changing so quickly, and the quality of service customers are expecting, employers have to come up with ways to be better than their competition. The way to be better than your competition is through the people who work for the company. And one the best  ways to attract those employees are to have a better compensation packages for your employees. The goal for this research will show you the positive impacts to the company by offering Annual Merit Increases, Healthcare Benefits, and 401k plans to the employees. These compensation benefits are important to high quality employees our company’s trying recruit, retaining high producing employees, as well as, increasing motivation and production with all other employees. By implementing these actions our company will be able to show our employees our commitment to be the best company to work for and to show how valuable our employees are to the company. Research Findings Merit Pay Increase According to Towers Perrin’s Global workforce study, competitive base pay is the most important factor that attracts UK workers to an employer, with almost six-out-ten (59%) respondents stating that this would influence their decision (â€Å"Competitive base pay,† 2007, p.16). Not only is it important to attract workers but retaining high performing employees and keeping them motivated to increase and maintain productivity to compete in the marketplace is vital. One way to retain and motivate employees is through annual merit increases. If a merit pay system succeeds, it motivates employees to work harder and achieve more (Mack, 2014). In order for the merit pay system to succeed it will need to be tied in with the business strategy of the organization and not viewed as an entitlement. Merit increases can motivate employees to achieve whatever goal the company sets. For example, by finishing projects timely with high quality or rolling out new operational procedures for the company. Employees often fail to see a link between merit pay and the accomplishment of business goals because no link is being made (Heneman, 2002, p.382). In a Supervisory role is important direct reports understand how their individual goals align to organizational priorities and how merit increases are earned based on exceeding their given goals. Planning and Goal Setting is the foundation for performance management and execution of our strategies. It focuses on ensuring employees have a clear understanding of annual organizational  priorities, and defining individual employee goals aligned to their job role and those priorities. Finally, it is important that effective communication exists between employees and management and that managers have the requisite tools for administering rewards (Leritz Ph.D., 2012, p.1). Analysis: Research shows employees want to work for employers that are competitive with salaries. By moving to an annual merit increase system employees will continue to increase production and meet business objectives to receive more compensation. Employees look at merit increases as entitlement and production can remain flat. Our company can increase productivity across the board by tying business goals to merit increases. In order to get the production needed, communication from management will need to take place to set expectations of achieving goals and what the potential merit increase the employee can receive by hitting those goals. Healthcare Benefits According to â€Å"Competitive base pay most important for recruitment† (2007), â€Å"almost two thirds (59%) of staff would consider leaving their job if their employer failed to address health and wellbeing in the workplace. Business in the Community’s Business action on health campaign shows that 83% of staff considers the way that an employer looks after the health and wellbeing of staff is important when choosing a job† (p.16). Effective communication from employers about the compensation plans has a major influence on the turnover rate of the top performing employees. Because one companies benefits are better than the other doesn’t mean employees will stay. Based on the surveys conducted, companies with better communication strategies and lesser benefits had only 12% turnover compared to 17% turnover with companies that offered better benefits. Companies with excellent benefits and effective communications had only an 8% turnover of top-performing em ployees. Also, when employees were surveyed on how satisfied they were with their benefits, only 22% were satisfied with the better benefits from employers with poor communications. On the other hand, 76% of employees with lesser benefits and effective communication from the employers were satisfied with their benefits (â€Å"Better benefits  communications,† 2005, p.9). Companies must show the employees that healthcare benefits are a part of total compensation because companies that don’t effectively communicate the value have higher turnover rates for top performers. According to Kathryn Yates, global director of communication consulting at Watson Wyatt, â€Å"Employers can spend huge sums of money on benefits, but if their employees aren’t aware of the cost or don’t appreciate the value of the benefits, they aren’t going to see a return on their investment.† (â€Å"Better benefits communications,† 2005, p.9). Analysis: Research shows the importance of health benefits to employees and what it takes to retain those employees. Health benefits provided by the employer shows they care about the employee as well as it helps get the employee back to work quicker which helps to be more productive. Healthcare is not only a benefit to the employee but also part of their compensation. Communication and training by management should be conducted annually to go over the employees full Comprehensive Compensation Package to show the total monetary amount received by the employee from the employer. This communication and training on healthcare benefits are vital to keeping our top performers. 401(k) Plan The increase of matching contribution for 401(k) plans through employers has risen from 68 percent to 73 percent over the last couple of years (Plenda, 2013, p.31). In a recent survey, if another employer offered a similar job with a 401(k) plan, 40 percent of employees said they would pursue other opportunities with the new employer. It was also determined when a 401(k) plan is presented most employees work harder and stay on the job longer (Lamont, 2014, p.10). People who save money are good workers because they place greater value on future outcomes. These types of employees work more and are more conscientious of how they treat employer assets because they understand their reputations will be hurt by careless actions they take. Not only do employees stay on the job longer but companies can use 401(k) plans to attract workers that are more conscientious and productive on the job (Munnell & Sunden, 2004 pp. 3-20). Research by Bank of America Merrill  Lynch shows higher turnover rates, increase in training costs, and lower productivity and sales as a potential consequence for not offering a competitive benefits package to its employees. Employers should look at benefits as one of the most important investments they can make. These investments will attract top talent and show they are invested in their employee’s professional growth, as well as, their financial well-being to give them a competitive advantage over other employers (Brooks, 2012). Analysis: 401(k) plans are growing with the number of employers that are providing options for their employees. As the research shows, company’s not providing a 401(k) plan can lose employees’ to competitors, lose productivity and sales. We want to recruit and keep top employees and based on the research shown, providing a 401(k) plan will do what we need to help increase our advantage of attracting and keeping top talent over our competitors. Recommendations Our company’s compensation plan is intended to attract key talent, increase employee engagement, incent and retain high-performing employees who will enhance the profitability of our company and create value for our shareowners. Below are the recommendations to begin implementing merit increases, healthcare plans, and 401(k) plans to our employees. These actions will align specific goals to our organization’s priorities and enables us to execute its strategies to deliver exceptional compensation packages to our employees. Recommendation: It is recommended to establish goals and expectations every year to ensure employees have a clear understanding of annual organizational priorities and their defined individual employee goals are aligned to their job role and those priorities. Managers will meet with each of their respective employees to communicate their goals and expectations and have the employees sign and approve understanding. On February 15th, annually, managers will meet with each employee to discuss results and give feedback on achievements, strengths, areas of opportunities, and merit increase the  employee will be receiving on their March 1st paycheck. By implementing a merit increase we will increase employee engagement, incent and retain high-performing employees who will enhance the profitability of our company and create value for our shareowners. Recommendation: My recommendation is to set up health care benefits with United Health Care and contribute $500 per month towards employee’s costs. Additionally, implement a Comprehensive Compensation Package to be presented and reviewed by the manager to the employees at their annual merit increase to show them the rich compensation they have with the company. The Comprehensive Compensation package will give a personalized overview of all components of the employee’s compensation and cash value of the benefits available. By communicating with the employee’s, we will see an increase in retention and satisfaction that will decrease our company costs and increase profitability. Recommendation: My final recommendation is to set up Fidelity to manage the employee’s 401(k) accounts. In addition, the company will match 3% of the employee’s contributions and will schedule yearly financial seminars with Fidelity for financial guidance and retirement advice. During yearly reviews, managers will be present the Comprehensive Compensation Package to give an overview of all components of the employee’s compensation and cash value of the company matching. By providing a 401(k) plan and financial guidance we will attract top recruits, as well as, retain top employees. Conclusion My goal for this research is to show you the positive impacts to the company by offering annual merit increases, healthcare benefits, and 401k plans to the employees. These compensation benefits are important to recruit high quality employees, retain high producing employees, and increasing motivation and production with all other employees. By creating annual merit increases, employees are more productive and try to reach the highest increase they can get to add to their salary. Adding the company’s business objectives to the merit increases for the employees to reach will add  increased productivity to the company. Adding healthcare coverage for employees and communicating with them the value added to their compensation is important to retaining employees. Employees with healthcare also go to the doctor more often and come back to work quicker which means less down time and higher production. Lastly, introducing a 401(k) plan to the employees creates long lasting and loyal employees that are vested in the company’s success. The findings show the importance of pay to employees and the importance of attracting employees to a company. Also, employees work harder which will make the company more profitable. Planning, goal setting, communication. The importance of the findings for healthcare is employees are will to leave their company if employers don’t provide healthcare benefits. Shows communication is very important in making sure employees understand the benefits to make sure they don’t leave. Shows increase in businesses providing 401k plans and attracting hard workers.shows how important benefits are in keeping and attracting employees. Work harder and stay on the job longer How important it is to show benefits are part of compensation to show the value and keep top performers. Communication is going to be the fundamental key to getting the buy in and positive reactions to implementing these compensation benefits. The best merit increase plan, healthcare plan, and 401(k) plan can generate positive employee reactions or a negative employee reaction. The actual effect depends on whether these plans are understood and accepted and whether employees’ perceptions of the facts are positive. Finally, it is important to make sure we keep pace and understand what other organizations benefits are to their employees and we stay competitive to them, we also remember the employees must understand the benefits and buy in to them to be successful. References Better benefits communications can help to improve retention. (2005, April). Managing Benefits Plans, 5(4), 9. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=09c97eff-2de5-4526-9558-66dcdfc85554%40sessionmgr114&hid=110 Brooks, C. (2012). Monetary benefits play increasing role in luring workers. BusinessNewsDaily, Retrieved from

Physiological Cost of War

The main concern before the Iraq adventure, in the United States revolved around the almost forgotten veterans of the Vietnam War who had at one time put their lives in harms way and were still paying the price and coping with persistent dysfunction. These veteran’s health care problems and the provision of proper resources and services for these aging men were proving to be an irritant of the bygone days, and then the Gulf War came to us; or rather we went to it with open arms.The wheel has turned full circle once again and today a whole new and young generation of veterans has come to replace the old veterans before they are all gone into the pages of history. Perhaps this new problem of new health care issues that has been forced on our conscious may also make us spare a few thoughts for our older veterans. They are still reeling from the psychological harm done to them ages ago and perhaps this will serve as a notice to us that in all probability, the new generation of vet erans will also carry similar scars into their and our futures too.They have done their part and we must not forget to do ours, by taking care of them and by not forgetting them as we forgot some of the old ones. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder It was â€Å"Shell Shock† in World War 1 and â€Å"Combat Neurosis† in World War 11 and now it is PTSD. Since the evolution of mankind there have been battles and wars and irrespective of their outcomes, they have had all types of long terms effects on mankind and the American Psychiatric Association have finally recognized it as â€Å"Anxiety Disorder† and termed it as PTSD.Let us hope and pray that there are no more future wars and this scourge does not have to be redefined any more and given another fancy name. PTSD, as we shall call it by its current term is a result of traumas, and usually after an individual goes through one; it sets in within a few months and lasts several years or even lifetimes. Usually in wars so ldiers and civilians are often subjected to violence and brutalities during battles and wars while participating in them or even witnessing them and these experiences causes’ traumas.PTSD however, may also be caused by non-combat incidents of violence and brutality towards civilians and combatants, with many veterans never having been aggressive yet suffering from profound feeling of guilt just because of their having been associated with such acts. It has however to be noted that violence in warfare is clearly the reason for triggering PTSD.The symptoms for PTSD can vary like the re-experiencing of traumatic events, such as flashbacks or intrusive thoughts, nightmares, obsessive recollections, avoidance symptoms like fear of being with people, signs of hyper arousal like easily being startled or irritated, increased arousal, avoidance of experiences or people who trigger memories of such events, nervousness, over-reaction to sudden noise, difficult in sleeping, cold sweats, nightmares, difficulty in relating emotionally to others, bouts of rage with depressions, depressions, feelings of extreme alienation and meaningless, isolation from people, in extreme cases thoughts of murder or suicide etc. For these symptoms to develop, it can take anything from a few months to years to reach the stage where it is fully blown up. As soldiers are led to believe that admission of bad feelings are signs of weakness, their superiors usually discourage them from seeking professional help and thereby making it difficult to identify PTSD timely.To improve the quality of their lives and their interests, soldiers should take care of themselves as best as they can and not succumb to peer pressure, and seek help from a qualified mental health professional. PTSD can be treated through therapy, medication or a combination of both (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). Health Care of Veterans The principle responsibility for the provision of health care for veterans is with the Dep artment of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The individuals entitled to receive medical care and rehabilitation services are either from the regular military, National Guards or from the reservists, however, their benefits, treatment and the services they avail differ in some ways.The designated agencies and institutions that take care specifically of the health problems and disabilities which arise during or after having returned from active duty of veterans do not provide their services to the general public. Risk of Veterans A number of studies have reported that serious flaws are existing in the response these veterans are getting from the nation. The collection and reporting of the veteran’s occupational and environmental health and safety (OEHS) is not being recorded properly and the utilization of data is at times critically wrong in identifying the exposures that had put the members of the armed services at risk. The correct knowledge of such exposures is vitally important for proper diagnosis and treatment and veterans at times at risk of negative health effects and even of becoming disabled.Recommendations in this regard have already been made to the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs, which have also been largely accepted by them. It is necessary that the Department of Veterans Affairs puts in place procedures to hold the government responsible based on available proof to prove that the veterans were not exposed to alleged toxic of other dangerous substances as claimed by them to be the main causes of their disabilities. These procedures should also include provisions to cover for the spouses and children of service personnel who also may have been affected genetically or by secondary exposures. Transition ServicesThe transitional factor in veteran’s term is also an important one because when individuals transit from the Department of Defense to the Department of Veterans Affairâ€⠄¢s health and rehabilitation facilities, due to the lack of data sharing between them key information about the seriously injured veterans is found lacking. This obliges the Department of Veterans Affairs to depend on the unreliable data sharing arrangement made between them and the local military treatment facilities. This is a major issue where veterans are concerned and in particular this is harmful to those of them who are disabled and need vocational and other necessary services. These haphazard arrangements and practice also need to be addressed at the highest forums of the country with urgency (Health, 2006). Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderPTSD has become amongst the greatest challenges being faced by the country to meet the required levels of health care and rehabilitation for military personnel. PTSD needs to be redefined as a disability because it can prove to be chronic as well as invisible and it can also be episodic. During the chronic stage it can be controlled and not be defined as a disability through coping strategies and in its episodic manifestation stage where a singular or more major life functions is affected, it may be mistreated as being temporary and be limited to the prevalent statutory definition of disability. â€Å"The Institute of Medicine has been studying PTSD on an ongoing basis for more than two years.While recognizing that the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of PTSD may in some cases be uncertain, and in all cases will be highly individualized, NCD recommends that Congress conduct further oversight hearings into the VA’s understanding of the PTSD problem and into the agency’s ability to deal with it effectively, and that all necessary resources be made available to enhance VA’s work in this area. † (CRS Order Code RL 32961, June 24, 2005) Cost of War to Connecticut The direct cost to Connecticut due to the war from the year 2001 till the middle of 2006 has been the following according to officia l sources: While failing to give any priority to Connecticut’s security concerns, the present administration’s war has claimed a heavy toll of 9,604 young and brave Connecticut men and women lives in Iraq.A tremendous strain has been put of the families of 3,655 Reservists and National Guards who were deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq with many of them being called repeatedly to report for duty. The figures for the above two statistics are according to the Department of Defense as on 5/31/06. In Connecticut the administration has failed to secure the ports and borders adequately. The people of Connecticut are collectively trying to transform the war policies around and are pressing for the redeployment of the American Forces as quickly as possible. Connecticut is struggling to honor the sacrifices of the 268,947 veterans who have served for the nation and is trying to ensure that their due earned benefits are given to them.Due to the war, 40,100 jobs in the manufacturin g industries have been lost and at present 75,000 people are searching for jobs in Connecticut. The annual income per family has dropped to around US$ 274 since the 2000’s in Connecticut and the rising costs of consumables has reduced the purchase powers of the minimum wage earners to the lowest levels in 50 years. The people of Connecticut also feel that instead of creating jobs that pay well, the administration is providing subsidies of billions of dollars in corporate tax for overseas shipping jobs, while refusing to increase since the last nine years the minimum wage levels. The Connecticut people have to pay $ 3.20 for a gallon of gasoline on average, which is 111% more than what it was in January 2001, thus forcing families in Connecticut to bear and additional $2,695,339,147 cost of $2,001 per every two-car family on gasoline in comparison to 2001 as per the figures of the â€Å"House Government Reform Committee, Dem. Staff, 7/06†. Health insurance costs have sh arply raised in Connecticut since 2000 by $ 1,009 per family, which is a 66 percent rise, with the number of residents not insured reaching 407,000, which amounts to a 61,000 increase of residents since the year 2000. College costs for the 172,775 Connecticut students have soared as the federal financial aid by GOP has been reduced.Thus, attending a 4 year public college is costing32% more and of a 4 year private college costing 22% more in comparison to the fall of 2000, thus a typical student who borrows for graduation from college is in debt of $ 19,093. Unfortunately for Connecticut students the administration has cut $ 12 billion from the federal student aid programs making it harder for colleges to manage properly. Due to the war, the record out of control budget deficits is proving to be heavy taxes for the Connecticut families. It is to be noted here that during the last 5 years, the administration have turned a $ 5. 6 trillion surplus that was projected for 10 years into a record debt, and it borrowed another staggering $ 1 trillion, which is more borrowing than the combined totals of all the past 42 U. S. president’s administration put together.The net economic impact amounts to a debt burden of $ 31,393 per every typical middle-income Connecticut family of four (Official Website of the U. S. House of Representatives). In Connecticut the average outpatient psychiatric care expenses for every veteran comes up to $2,317 a year, which is considerably much more than being spent in other states. (Veterans Health Care) Cost of War in General Due to PSTD While more than 1. 2 million have so far gone for the war effort in Afghanistan and Iraq since 2001, with over a fourth of them having served their tour of duty more than once, Yale researcher’s studies indicate that approximately 196,000 veterans have symptoms of PTSD and its treatment costs $ 274 million, which is almost 13 percent of the total medical budget.Yale researchers expect that wit h the troops engaged now in two wars the numbers of PTSD cases in veterans will further raise. Furthermore, data collected from recent surveys conclude by suggesting that between 10 and 20 percent of the soldiers presently in Iraq meet the criteria by which PTSD is measured. (Yale, n. d. ) According to a report in the Associated Press dated 28th July 2006, every third soldier returning from war will have mental health related problems, which could lead to PTSD. The report continues by mentioning that 3 to 5 percent of the soldiers are diagnosed with severe mental health problems after they leave the combat zones, while a staggering 13 percent soldiers suffer severe mental health issues at the time of being in the combat zones.Mental health issues are also diagnosed when soldiers undergo their follow-up screening during the three and six month period, where another 4 to 5 percent are diagnosed with PTSD. However, PTSD symptoms are comparatively higher amongst the soldiers of the Nati onal Guard than the regular Army soldiers. In view of the stress related problems in the combat zones, 200 mental health experts have been sent to Iraq to help soldiers through counseling so as to prevent suicidal tendencies and other mental problems. (Soldiers Return Home with Mental Disorders) According to Congresswoman Rosa L. DeLauro (Conn. -3) m, approximately every sixth soldier returning from the war zone demonstrates PTSD symptoms and she has therefore requested for better mental health services for soldiers and their family members. (DeLauro)Another report in the March 12, 2007 issue of the Achieves of International Medicine suggests that soldiers younger then 25 years seemed more vulnerable to PTSD. (One of Three War Vets Have Mental-Health Problems) The fighting with an insurgency in Iraqi with unclear enemies and on the front lines have left soldiers highly vulnerable to PTSD and many are turning to alcoholism and drug abuse and at times they do not get timely treatment or proper counseling. A study by the found that 80% of the soldiers diagnosed with symptoms of PTSD were not referred for further mental-health services or evaluation. Studies have also confirmed that repeated deployment of soldiers increased the risk of PTSD. (Iraq War Vets Face Mental Illness) ConclusionWe will start the conclusion with the following quote: â€Å"Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. † – President Dwight D. Eisenhower April 16, 1953 War is not just a business for the administration but war is everybody’s business as it is concerned directly with the mothers and the families of troops on the battle-fields and indirectly with the mothers and families of those who are affected due to the consequences of war. War concerns directly with the young men and women who because of their traumatic experience som etimes turn into the living dead.The clock that ticks the total running cost of the war in Iraq alone at the early hour of 3/16/07 was as at a staggering U. S. Dollars 374,213,602,800. – And increasing by the thousand every few seconds and it seemed to be in a rush to overtake the â€Å"dooms day clock†, (Farabaugh, 2006). While history has always been littered with exaggerated gross underestimates of war costs and some of their fine examples are; Abraham Lincoln had originally calculated the civil war to cost $ 250 million and to last 90 days but the civil war had its final price tag of $ 3. 3 billion and it lasted four years. The First World War was to be a short and inexpensive one as per forecasts and the Vietnam War cost 90% more than its forecast.The 1991 Persian Gulf or rather the Kuwait War ended up costing $ 76 billion in war costs directly but for a change these were paid for by the U. S. allies, however, it did cost a relatively lower number of 148 combat de aths. A decade later the taxpayers of the United States are still absorbing billions of dollars towards the cost of providing treatment for the injuries and disabilities of the veterans of that particular war, where one third of the 1990/1991 Gulf War veterans numbering 206,000 have filed for disabilities claims out of which 159,000 have been approved. If this postwar casualty rate is considered extraordinary, then God help us all with the postwar casualty rate of our present war.The former economic advisor to the White House, Lawrence Lindsey had suggested that the intervention in Iraq could cost the United States about 2% of its Gross Domestic Product or roughly put $200 billion. His estimates were rapidly dismissed by the White House and in a few months later he was dismissed from his position. Approximately a year and a half later his prediction began proved to be wrong and a gross underestimation of the Iraq intervention. The U. S. taxpayers up to now have committed approximate ly $180 billions for the buildup to the war for overthrowing Saddam Hussein’s regime and for the occupation and rebuilding process in Iraq, and this is not inclusive of the special aid and trade deals cost for buying allies.And the biggest source of underestimation that the war would be a â€Å"cakewalk† has been proven wrong. (Hartung, 2004) References DeLauro, Calls for Mental Health Services for Returning Soldiers http://www. house. gov/delauro/press/2005/April/vet_mh_04_11_05. html 16 March, 2007 Health, 2006, Chapter 4, National Council of Disability, Chapter 4 http://www. ncd. gov/newsroom/publications/2006/progress_report. htm#chapter_four Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Iraq War Vets Face Mental Illness, Addictions http://www. jointogether. org/news/headlines/inthenews/2006/iraq-war-vets-face-mental. html 16 March, 2007 Kane Farabaugh, 2006, Iraq War at Heart of Connecticut Senate Race http://www. voanews. com/english/archive/2006-10/2006-10-13-voa40. cfm?CFID=4842840 7&CFTOKEN=31645168 Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Official Website of the U. S. House of Representatives http://www. house. gov/delauro/NewDirection/NewDirection_Connecticut. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 One of Three War Vets Have Mental-Health Problems, March 12, 2007 issue of the Archives of International Medicine http://www. jointogether. org/news/research/summaries/2007/one-of-three-war-vets-have. html 16 March, 2007 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD Fact Sheet http://www. ivaw. org/ptsdfactsheet Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Soldiers Return Home with Mental Disorders http://www. jointogether. org/news/headlines/inthenews/2005/soldiers-return-home-with. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007Steve Robinson, Executive Director of the National Gulf War Resource Center, a veteran’s advocacy organization in Silver Spring, Md. Accessed: 16 March, 2007 The war in Iraq cost the United States http://www. venusproject. com/ecs/Cost_of_War_files/Cost_of_War. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Veterans H ealth Care Issues in the 109th Congress (CRS Order Code RL 32961, June 24, 2005) Veterans Health Care http://ptsdcombat. blogspot. com/2007/03/war-list-oefoif-statistics. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 William D. Hartung, 2004, Iraq and the Costs of War, FPIF Policy Report http://www. fpif. org/papers/2004cost. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Yale, VA supporting troops on the home front http://www. medicineatyale. org/v2i1_january2006/ptsd. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007

Genetically Modified Foods One World Essay

Genetically Modified Foods One World Essay Did you know that we’ve been eating genetically modified foods for the past 10 years? It’s in about 70-75% of our nation’s food. Our food supply has greatly improved. Today we are going to find out what are genetically modified foods. Genetically modified foods are foods that have been engineered in the laboratory. They are improved in many ways. In the first part of my speech I will talk about the genetic modification technology in food and agriculture, locating improvements. In the second part I will include a debate about food safety, consumer attitudes and other concerns.Newspapers frequently carry stories about genetically modified food. The biotechnology agricultural age is occurring. Scientists had an idea to make food have better appearance, growth, and taste. In genetic engineering you take the best food available and add the few characters you are interested in so that you’re breeding efficiency is incre ased. The last century was a time of big changes in genetic engineering. Humanity made huge steps toward creating new life. Experiments with creating human were not successful, but the whole world was watching the experiment with sheep Dooley, which became first cloned animal.It was first such a big succeeded experiment and as a result almost everyone knew the last news about the sheep. However a big achievement was made in modifying new plants and crops. In the 21st century genetically modified products already became a part of our life. Every day new genetic products appear in shops and it becomes harder to find healthy food which does not contain any added chemical components. Apples during the winter time, oranges which become ripe twice faster than their period of ripening and tomato bushes which can survive very cold weather prove that biological world had experienced a lot of changes.Experiments are being made, new plants are being produced for a quite a long period of time, however genetically modified products is one of the hotly debatable topics today. The benefits of gene technology in terms of food production are enormous. The most common genetically engineered crops contain modifications that make the plants resistant to certain diseases and herbicides, or allow them to produce their own pesticides, thereby eliminating or reducing the need to spray.So-called â€Å"Bt corn,† for example, contains a gene resistant to the harmful mycotoxin fungus and herbicide producers, Monsanto have created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be unaffected by their product Roundup. The soybean farmer therefore can avoid targeting specific weeds and require just one application of a general weed-killer, reducing costs and agricultural waste run-off. Genetically modified crops are also being adapted to grow in salty, dry or frosty environments, contain edible vaccines, have a longer shelf life and be more nutritious.A group of Swiss and German scienti sts recently developed a strain of GM rice known as ‘golden rice’ due to its altered color. Containing genes that produce a unusually high amount of beta-carotene (vitamin A), this rice could be a solution to the thousands of poor children in Asia who eat little but rice and go blind or die from lack of vitamin A. Public reaction to the use of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering however has been mixed. Sliding US export commodities such as genetically modified soybeans and corn have highlighted hardened public opinion and widespread resistance to biotech crops, especially in the European Union.Concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: economics, environmental hazards and human health risks. The latter two have been the subject of hot debate, both in Australia and overseas. Environmental damage from GM crops can be caused through various channels. One of the main concerns has been the possibility of gene transfer to a non-target species, that is crops engine ered for herbicide tolerance and weeds cross-breeding, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance to create ‘super weeds’.In addition, environmentalists fear that transgenic plants may proliferate rapidly, pollinating natural plants in their surroundings eliminating existing species. Further environmental suspicions include those of unintended harm to other organisms and of the reduced effectiveness of pesticides once insects become tolerant to a crop’s natural pesticide. Questions have also been raised on the human impact of genetically modified organisms.Critics of recombinant DNA fear that the pathogenic, or disease-producing organisms used in some recombinant DNA experiments might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide epidemics. Likewise, the unknown effect of foreign genes introduced into GM food crops in terms of human health also presents a controversial issue. Furthermore, there is a possibility that introducing a gene i nto a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans in order to increase their nutritional value was abandoned hen it was found that the genetically engineered soybeans caused an allergic reaction in people sensitive to Brazil nuts. For these reasons, extensive testing and labeling of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Biotechnology has started to revolutionize food production, with fantastic results. With the world population of 6 billion expected to double in the next 50 years and an adequate food supply becoming a major challenge it will no doubt continue to do so in the future.

CONSTITUTIONAL Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CONSTITUTIONAL - Term Paper Example The argument currently focus on changing the appointment criteria, composition and functioning method of the chamber. Some changes have been made but still there are major issue to be reformed in order to make the house more presentable. â€Å"The attempt to make changes in the house have never been successful due to the conflicts and debates existing among the political members†(Carmichael,1999)Initiative efforts from Labour government in 1968 proved to be a failure due to their radical nature and after that no actions were taken till 1997.Recent actions are towards the establishment of Independent commission for the appointment of members who are not from any party. Removal of hereditary peers is the main focus of the reform which is to be taking place in the near future. â€Å" Thus, the latest reform initiatives remain not only incomplete but contentious, and an ongoing, dynamic aspect of the political debate that is taking place in Britain today†(Robertson,2009) Th e peers in the house attend the house without any intention of taking interest in the political or internal issue of the country. They treat the house a s place of leisure activity and attend with least attentiveness and concern. The number of peers in the house should be minimized in order to reduce the cost of maintaining the house and congestion in the space. Since there are enormous number of members from house of commons who are more or less inactive ,abolishing of peers can bring in some positive changes. Many of them take allowances for attending the house and enjoy other priviliges for no serious reasons. It would be very useful for the country if the peerage system is abolished and new productive members are allowed to join the house of lords. Answer to question two In the UK the Executive otherwise the government has the right on making and implementing policies and laws in order to take care of the issue concerning the country. Parliament and government take active part i n formulating the laws of England. They being separate bodies, have to work hand in hand for the welfare of the country. â€Å" Parliament is the highest legislative authority in the UK. It has responsibility for checking the work of government and examining, debating and approving new laws. It is also known as the Legislature†(parliament). An MP can be a party member but this does not imply that they are operate in the government .Since the Executive and Parliament work together ,it can be very well said that the scrutiny of the government is one the six important functions of the House of Commons. The MPs have the obligation of attending the House of commons everyday and debate on policies, bills and issues It is a common fact that the MPs mostly disagree to the government policies and there exists an unequal power struggle between the MPs and Executive. But seeing the practice of House of commons which is very weak it cannot be agreeable to say that the scrutiny of governm ent illustrates the disparities between the MP and executive. â€Å"The lack of power of backbenchers in determining what the House debated and in controlling the House’s activities was a source of frustration during the last Parliament.  (Parliamnent) The House of Commons perform scrutiny by means of â€Å"Question time† which gives chance for each member to ask questions to the cabinet ministers and Prime minister. But this is activity is not efficient enough to evaluate the

Expectancy theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Expectancy theory - Essay Example Secondly, possession of skills required for a job also plays a fundamental role. Thirdly, having support required to accomplish a job contributes to the entire process. Instrumentality is the opinion that if a person performs well, then the individual receives a value outcome as well. A number of factors influence instrumentality. Firstly, knowledge of the relationship between performance and outcome influences the process. Secondly, it is necessary to completely trust and have confidence in the authorities that issue awards. Thirdly, one should believe that the process of issuing awards is transparent (Redmond 1). Valence refers to the value that an individual asserts to an outcome. Value associated with a specific outcome varies with individuals. For example, monetary tokens may not motivate individuals who value recognition. A manager’s mastery of the expectancy theory is significant at the work place. It enables them to assign employees reasonably challenging tasks that inspire self-confidence and intellectual development. Instrumentality can also be employed. Managers should strive to honor promises they make to workers as it increases followers ability to trust that a manager is capable.   Instrumentality stems from the belief that performance begets promised results. Finally, valence dictates that a leader should be able to see the value of an outcome from the followers’ perspective. The process guides him on the nature of reward them in a bid to motivate

All Women Should Have the Right to Caesarean Birth, Even if There Is Research Paper

All Women Should Have the Right to Caesarean Birth, Even if There Is No Medical Need - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the women’s right to the caesarean birth even if there is no medical need for it. The work will elaborate upon the rights of women to ask for the delivery in an alternative manner if they want to. Caesarean Birth Cesarean delivery, also known as the c-section, is surgery to deliver a baby. A Caesarean section refers to a surgical method in which one or many openings are made through the uterus (hysterotomy) and abdomen of the mother (laparotomy) in order to deliver one or many babies or sometimes, for the purpose of removing a dead fetus. The baby, instead of being delivered through the vagina, is taken out through the abdomen of the mother and most cases of such surgeries give the outcome as a healthy mother and baby. The following figure shows the example of a c-section birth: Figure 1: Caesarean Birth The figure above depicts the delivery of a baby from the abdominal section instead of vagina, indicating the c-section delivery. However, the caesarean section is major surgery and thus, carries great risks with it, while, the healing process in this surgery is also longer than with vaginal birth. The hysterotomy abortion is the late-term abortion which is performed through using the procedures of Caesarean section and it is a very rare practice these days. Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer, a German gynaecologist, performed the first contemporary Caesarean section surgery during the year 1881. The practice of performing a Caesarean section, or c-section, is usually conducted for the delivery of the baby in a complicated manner unlike through the normal procedure of vaginal delivery and is more likely to put the health of mother or baby at risk (Medicine Net Inc., 2012). In the current times, this particular surgery is performed only when it is requested to deliver the baby in an unnatural manner (Finger, 2003).  

Alternative high schools the path for the education of the future for Essay

Alternative high schools the path for the education of the future for youth to compete in a global economy - Essay Example A wide range of philosophies and teaching methods are offered by alternative schools. â€Å"The only true education comes through the stimulation of the students powers by the demands of the social situations in which he finds himself. Through these demands he is stimulated to conceive of himself from the standpoint of the welfare of the group to which he belongs.† John Dewey. Schools decided the way a student’s life works, the way their mind develops and ultimately the life choices they make. Ordinary public schools usually cram information into students heads and test-test-test! Alternative schooling ensures students grow a creative mind of their own, by letting them learn for themselves. The actual teachers give structure to their ideas, and encourage them to think constructively and gain true knowledge .Alternative schooling aims at preparing students for the practicalities of living and succeeding not just during school life but to participate in the global economy by providing them with necessary knowledge and skills. â€Å"High school was something I had to break out of, because all of it felt like chains that were keeping me down. And when I did, one day, break free, I felt liberated and ready to take on the world. Not because I had learned so much in high school, but because I no longer felt a restraint on my creativity.† this is a comment posted on the net by Faruk Ates a professional web developer .3 In conventional schools, areas of knowledge and particular skills fall into orderly categories, in life they merge together into a rich and intricate texture. Alternative schools may be defined as ‘an educational establishment with a curriculum and methods that are nontraditional.’ (Definition of alternative school) 1 .These schools have a special syllabus offering a more flexible curriculum of study than a conventional school. Such schools exist in various forms like Alternative Schools,

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 10

Strategic management - Essay Example These three important statements serve as a track or guideline and assist each and every individual to work in a way that not only conforms to what organization is intended to do and has stated, but also leads toward successful completion of tasks in a distinctive way. Before getting into the discussion of strategic development it is important to understand the meaning of strategy. According to Dobson et al (2004), it is about achieving competitive advantage through distinctiveness- delivering a unique value addition to the customers, and having a clear view of how to position yourself uniquely in your industry. In order to make the concept clear I will shed light on Red Bull; a famous energy drink on which a lot of work was done in order to tactically develop proper and advantageous market strategies. To tailor this product according to the diverse needs of individuals, they positioned the drink as an energy drink coupled with adventurous advertisements and sponsorship of famous sports known as formula 1 (F1). Whenever an organization plans to make any strategy, it needs to carry out an analysis in a way that not only takes into account the strength and weaknesses of the organization but also the environmental factors that might act as a stimulator or may hinder their performance (Joyce and Woods 2001). This analysis is very much useful and is mandatory to be carried out. Red Bull saw growth potential in western markets and launched their product by making changes in the old THAI product. However, while launching their product they had to face few limitations as well. There was a huge criticism regarding the Red Bull energy drink in terms of its ingredients. When the product was first launched it took about 3 years for the approval of its sales in Austria, however, Hungary became its first foreign market in 1992. The exotic nature of its ingredients was one of the reasons

The Step in the Design of Effective Teaching and Learning Programs Essay

The Step in the Design of Effective Teaching and Learning Programs - Essay Example Assessment that enhances learning recognizes that learners use their current understanding to discover, develop and incorporate new knowledge, understanding and skills. Assessment for learning helps teachers and students to know if that current understanding is a suitable basis for future learning. assessment influence student learning and learning processes. This involves using assessment activities to clarify student understanding of concepts and planning ways to remedy misconceptions and promote deeper understanding. Assessment for learning encourages self-assessment and peer assessment. Students can develop and use a range of strategies to actively monitor and evaluate their own learning and the learning strategies they use. The feedback that students receive from completing assessment activities will help teachers and students decide whether they are ready for the next phase of learning or whether they need further learning experiences to consolidate their knowledge, understanding and skills. Teachers should consider the effect that assessment and feedback have on student motivation and self-esteem, and the importance of the active involvement of students in their own learning. Marking guidelines and/or criteria for judging performance reflect the nature and intention of the activity and will be expressed in terms of the knowledge and skills demanded by the activity relative to the outcomes, to be gathered and reported of a poster evaluation sheet. During the teaching-learning experiences leading to the presentation of their poster, students will receive oral and/or teacher feedback in relation to: The aim of feedback is to communicate to students how well their knowledge, understanding and skills are developing in relation to the outcomes. Feedback enables students to recognize their strengths and areas for  development and to plan with their teacher the next steps in their learning. They are then given opportunities to improve and further develop their knowledge, understanding and skills.

How are conjoined twins typically viewed by society According to Essay

How are conjoined twins typically viewed by society According to Dreger, how do reactions to conjoined twins relate to fears and anxieties about conjoined sexuality What does this seem to prove for Dreger - Essay Example Anatomical restrictions, such as being conjoined, influence assumptions of people on what is normal and perception of ability to live a meaningful and individual life (Dreger, 2). As expressed by one of the doctors who evaluated the possibility of separating conjoined twins, the separation was eminent and crucial for all conjoined twins â€Å"for the well-being of the social body† (Dreger, 24). Anatomical normalization dictates privilege, norms, standards, and rules to preserve order and protect those who are vulnerable; thus, society feels awkwardness when dealing with conjoined twins (Dreger, 2). Dreger stated that, â€Å"it is the recognition of this awkwardness, the recognition of how comfortable it can be to considered normal, how uncomfortable it can be to be considered abnormal, that motivates adults to want to surgically normalize children born with unusual anatomies† (Dreger, 5). Pity, the most prevalent reactions to conjoined twins, leads to actions that will not offend the conjoined twins. Based on the examples of Dreger, fears and anxieties about conjoined sexuality arise because people do not want to offend the less fortunate and vulnerable individuals (1). The perception and reaction of the society seem to prove to Dreger that anatomy matters a lot in building one’s identity in the society. Societal pressure arises, particularly to individuals with anatomical deformity (conjoined twins) because they are not viewed as normal and their anatomical conditions limits their political and social

A ustralian Company Accounting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A ustralian Company Accounting - Coursework Example Income tax Liability (Statement of Financial Position) $ 4,650 Requirement 3: Treatment: Doubtful Debts Expense: Doubtful debts represent that balance of amount which will not be recoverable out of the total trade receivables of the company. This is considered to be a trade expense thus is accounted for in the income statement of the company. Rent Revenue: Rent revenue is defined as an income generated by the company through renting out any of its assets. It can include machinery, equipment or property. All kinds of income generated by the company are included in the profit and loss account of the company. But for tax purposes it is taxable under savings income heading so it will be deducted from the profit of the company and taxable separately as the savings income has a different tax rate. Entertainment Expense: Entertainment expense comprises of the expense incurred during the process of entertaining the clientele of the company. As the entertainment expenses incurred on the emplo yees is not an allowable expense for tax purposes, it is assumed that this expense relates to the one incurred on the clientele unless otherwise stated. Thus it will also be included in the profit and loss account of the company for tax purposes as a deductible. Requirement 4: Calculation of Deferred Tax Asset and Liability: Calculation of tax base values of assets: MOTOR VEHICLE: Book Value ($) Tax Base ($) Motor Vehicle (Cost) 18,000 18,000 Motor Vehicle (Acc. Depreciation) (15.750) (18,000) ------------------- ---------------- 2,250 Nil Thus Deferred Tax Liability = 2,250 * 30% = $675 EQUIPMENT: Book Value ($) Tax Base ($) Equipment (Cost) 100,000 100,000 Equipment (Accumulated Depreciation) (60,000) (45,000) ------------------- ----------------- 40,000 55,000 Deferred Tax Asset = ($55,000-$40,000) * 30% = $ 4,500 RECEIVABLES: Tax Base = $12,000 Thus deferred tax liability = 12,000 * 30%= $3,600 RENT RECEIVBALE: Tax Base = $2,800 Thus deferred tax liability = 2,800 * 30% = $840 T otal Deferred Tax Liability = $675+$3,600+$840 = $ 5,115 Thus the new deferred tax asset and liability becomes $4,500 and $5,115 respectively. Requirement 4: Journal Entries: Deferred Tax Asset: Dr. Tax Expense (Statement of financial performance) $ 1,950 Cr. Deferred Tax Asset (Balance sheet) $ 1,950 Deferred Tax Liability: Dr. Tax Expense (Statement of financial performance) $ 2,370 Cr. Deferred Tax Liability (Balance sheet) $ 2,370 Question 2: REPORT Executive Summary This report is designed for the purpose of reflecting on the new accounting policy change that is being implemented by the company which requires the company to disclose its advertisement expense as an asset as opposed to be treated as an expense as it incurs. In this report it was observed and suggested that the criteria for the policy change implemented by the company met the recognition criteria of an asset as set by the AASB (Australian Accounting Standard Board), and was of material balance to be disclosed in t he financial statements of the company. Introduction: The purpose of this report is to determine if the new policy of the company to record its advertisement expenses as an asset is true and fair according to Australian

Body-Adapted Wearable Electronics Essay Example for Free

Body-Adapted Wearable Electronics Essay The field of body-adapted electronics has been around for quite some time. People have been wearing calculator watches, mobile phones, music players, ear phones and the like for many years now. I was intrigued by the new ideas that have developed within the last few years in the way of health monitoring devices. There is a wristband available for you to monitor your exercise, health, behavior, and blood pressure. It helps you to understand your exercise and sleep patterns. Also out there for you to detect your blood pressure are ear buds. Some of the health monitoring devices are able to be embedded under your skin or worn as a tiny patch under clothing. The sensors provide feedback for you or your doctor to tract your vital statistics. The vital measures include heart rate, muscle tone, body temperature, sweat, motion and the amount of oxygen in your system. The environmental measures include location, illumination, ambient temperature, humidity, toxicity. A body posture detection sensor is worn to determine whether a person is exercising or performing a sport correctly. Along with this device, another can provide calculations of how many calories you have consumed, or your average speed and distance. This allows you to get the best performance in what you are attempting. For those suffering chronic disease or pain management, their doctor will be able to receive real-time information about the person’s health, so as to be able to prescribe medications properly. Alerts systems can be applied for drivers on the road to inform them of dozing off at the wheel. Fire-fighters have a polo shirt with sensors that collects their vital signs, so supervisors will know when to get them out of a disastrous situation. The Eye Tap, which is worn in front of the eye, or Smartglasses are for wearers to use as a camera or to view computer imagery, is being explored as a tool for people with visual disabilities to have the information directed  to parts of their retina that does not function well. Google Glass has been using them since 2013 in operating rooms, ambulances, trauma helicopters, doctors’ offices, and also for the visually impaired on public transportation. It is also being used in several countries during operations, to broadcast the actual surgery to other locations, and on TV, for many doctors to be able to watch how the procedure is being performed. In Australia, the Small World Social Breastfeeding Support Project created the first hands-free breastfeeding application for new mothers. Wearing the Google Glass, the mothers call a consultant to have any questions they might have, answered. In a few months, 100% of the mothers were breastfeeding with confidence. Several more emerging technologies are currently being developed. A brain-computer interface, for people with disabilities who can type by controlling their brainwaves, and eventually being able to operate wheelchairs using only their thoughts. The Haptic shoe soles, using sense of touch feedback and GPS technology, these soles will give the blind wearer vibrations to tell them when to turn or lift their feet via a voice-programmed app that reads GPS maps planned routes. The soles have sensors to let the wearer know when to stop, and read the walkers gestures, example, two taps means â€Å"take me home.† All of these new products are a great advantage for the medical, health, and disability fields. Along with them goes the disadvantages, until everything can be worked out. The trials that are necessary in order to make sure the products are fit for use is the biggest hurdle. Sensors miss firing; wrong data being sent and received; expertise needed around the eyes; missed directions for the blind walkers; battery-life needing to be extended; the cost of research and development and of purchase; and the right to privacy are all issues that need to be addressed. Wrong data REFERENCES: Body-Adapted Wearable Electronic by Dysheanna Franklin on Prezi http://prezi.com Interview: What’s the future for wearable technology? http:// forumblog.org ITEA3 Improving the quality of everyday life through wearable computers http://itea3.org Top 10 emerging technologies for 2014 http://forumblog.org Wearable computer-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wilipedia.org

Cognitive Learning Theory: An Overview

Cognitive Learning Theory: An Overview Cognitive Learning Theory Using Thinking to Learn The Cognitive Learning Theory explains why the brain is the most incredible network of information processing and interpretation in the body as we learn things. This theory can be divided into two specific theories: the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), and the Cognitive Behavioural Theory (CBT). When we say the word â€Å"learning†, we usually mean â€Å"to think using the brain†. This basic concept of learning is the main viewpoint in the Cognitive Learning Theory (CLT). The theory has been used to explain mental processes as they are influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which eventually bring about learning in an individual. Cognitive Learning Theory implies that the different processes concerning learning can be explained by analysing the mental processes first. It posits that with effective cognitive processes, learning is easier and new information can be stored in the memory for a long time. On the other hand, ineffective cognitive processes result to learning difficulties that can be seen anytime during the lifetime of an individual. A. Social Cognitive Theory In the Social Cognitive Theory, we are considering 3 variables: behavioural factors environmental factors (extrinsic) personal factors (intrinsic) These 3 variables in Social Cognitive Theory are said to be interrelated with each other, causing learning to occur. An individual’s personal experience can converge with the behavioral determinants and the environmental factors. Inside person-environment relationship, individual thinking, concepts and cognitive competencies usually are altered by means of outside elements say for example a support parent, nerve-racking environment or maybe a hot weather. Inside person-behaviour relationship, the particular cognitive operations of the man or woman impact his behaviour; moreover, overall performance involving this sort of behaviour may alter how he or she believes. Lastly, the particular environment-behavior relationship, outside elements can transform how you show the particular behaviour. Furthermore, your behavior make a difference and alter your environment. This particular type clearly implies that for useful and constructive learning to occur somebody must have constructive personalized features, present ideal behavior and remain in any support environment. Also, Social Cognitive Hypothesis declares in which completely new encounters have to be evaluated by the spanish student by way of examining his past encounters while using exact same determinants. Finding out, therefore, is because of an intensive analysis with the current knowledge versus way back when. Basic Concepts Social Cognitive Hypothesis consists of many fundamental methods that will reveal not simply throughout older people but in addition throughout infants, kids and teenagers. 1. Observational finding out from others by way of seeing these people is an effective method of attaining knowledge and changing behavior. two. Replica accomplishing this when there is certainly a good make an effort to correctly enhance the repeating of the behavior by way of placing your specific within a comfy environment having commonly available products in order to encourage him or her in order to support the completely new knowledge and behavior learned and exercise these people. 3. Self-efficacy the particular study course when the particular spanish student increases his recently learned knowledge or even behavior by means of placing the item straight into exercise. 5. Over emotional great coping systems next to nerve-racking environment and adverse personalized features can lead to useful finding out, in particular throughout older people. 5. Self-regulatory capacity to management behaviour even within the unfavourable environment. B. Cognitive Behaviour Hypothesis Cognitive Behaviour Hypothesis describes the particular purpose involving knowledge (knowing) in order to determining and forecasting the particular behavioral routine of person. This particular concept was developed by means of Aaron Beck. The particular Cognitive Behaviour Hypothesis states men and women have a tendency to kind self-concepts in which impact the particular behavior they will show. These types of methods is usually constructive or even adverse which enable it to be affected by any person’s environment. The particular Cognitive Triad Cognitive Behavioural Hypothesis additional points out individual behaviour and finding out using the cognitive triad. This particular triad consists of negative thoughts concerning: 1. The particular self applied (i. electronic., My business is rubbish) two. The particular world/environment (i. electronic., the world is irrational) 3. The long run (i. electronic., our potential is doomed) Behavioral Learning Hypothesis People behavior is learned, as a result many behavior is usually unlearned and newbehaviors learned throughout their spot. Behaviorism can be involved primarily having theobservable and measurable aspects of individual behavior. Therefore any time behaviorsbecome improper, they can be unlearned. Behaviorism landscapes improvement because acontinuous procedure during which kids enjoy a passive purpose. Its alsoa general technique thats utilized in many different settings which include both clinicaland instructional. Behaviorists assume how the simply stuff usually are real (or at leastworth studying) will be the items we can easily discover and notice. Most of us can not begin to see the thoughts, the particular id, or even the particular other than conscious, nevertheless we can easily observe how persons behave, reply and conduct themselves. Through behavior many of us just might help to make inferences about the brains and also the mental faculties, however they arent the main emphasis with the analysis. Exactly who accomplish, certainly not what exactly they will believe or even really feel, would be the subject with the analyze. Likewise the particular behaviorist doesnt check out as their pharmicudical counterpart or even the mind in order to understandthe causes of irregular behavior. This individual assumes how the behavior representscertain learned routines, and he or she efforts to view that they usually are learned. The particular stuff thats researched is obviously behavior. Simply because behaviourists arent keen on as their pharmicudical counterpart, or even their a lot more ratified equivalents for example psycheand heart and soul, inferences about the circumstances in which maintain and bolster humanbehavior is usually made from the study involving canine behavior. Creature research hasprovided a critical groundwork for your behavioral technique. Thebehavioral researcher is keen on knowing the particular systems underlyingthe behavior involving both regular men and women and the ones having problems that may well bereferred because mental illness. In the event the behavioral type is utilized tomental illness, the item is usually for numerous introducing troubles. Its most likely more effective throughout the treatment of behavioral issues and issues ofimpulse management, for example excessivedrinking, weight problems, or even erotic troubles. Behavioural techniques may bequite helpful throu ghout treatment method involving stress and anxiety and have absolutely occasionally been recently beneficial throughout themanagement involving more severe mind issues for example schizophrenia. Early on Advocates: Pavlov (1849-1936) Ivan G. Pavlov is Russias most well-known scientist. This individual first received greatdistinction for his research around the physiology with the gastrointestinal tract. Pavlovencountered any methodological issue that was in the long run in order to confirm moreimportant and much more useful in comparison with his physical research. This individual haddiscovered conditioning. With regard to Pavlov, many behavior has been reflexive. But take place this sort of behaviors differfrom the particular behavior commonly named instinctive? Instinctive behavior might possibly be reported to be encouraged. The pet should be hungry, in order to be sexually turned on, in order to have nest-building hormones previous to these types of instinctive behavior can take place. But Pavlov concluded that at this time there seems to be no basis for unique concerning reflexes and what exactly possesses commonly been recently looked at as non-reflexive behavior. To be a shrink, Pavlov has been worried about thenervous method, and specifically the particular cerebral cortex, certainly not having almost any lawfulnessthat he might uncover throughout behavior. For a a lot more abstract degree, Pavlov considered that all finding out, whether ofelicited responses throughout wildlife or even involving very conceptual behaviors throughout people, wasdue to the systems involving established conditioning. We have now think the item to get incorrect, but it is none the particular a smaller amount one of several wonderful concepts in our way of life. (Bolles) Watson (1878-1958) Bob B. Watson has been one of the most vivid personalities throughout the history involving mindset. Though he or she failed to invent behaviorism, he or she became widely known because their key spokesman and protagonist. Watson has been increased inside common history: System points out behavior. Within a popular publication (Watson, 1914) he or she said how the analyze ofthe thoughts would be the domain involving school of thought; its the sphere involving supposition andendless concept online games. As their pharmicudical counterpart does not have any put in place mindset. A research of psychology should be determined by target phenomena and also the final explanationmust become obtained in the particular middle tense method. It had been Watson, more than Pavlov or even any other anyone, whom convincedpsychologists how the real evidence involving behavior put inside tense systemand in which as soon as many of us grasped the mind a little better, the vast majority of themysteries could vanish. In addition to, it absolutely was due to the fact involving Watson in which so manypsychologists stumbled on think that what exactly they will named conditioning has been soimportant. (Bolles) Skinner (1904-1990) B. F. Skinner is regarded as by means of numerous government bodies to obtain been recently thegreatest behavioral shrink in recent history. Previous behaviorism have been worried about stimulus-responseconnections. Skinner checked the learning procedure inside opposite method, checking out the way finding out has been suffering from stimuli shown right after a good behave wasperformed. This individual discovered any particular one stimuli caused the particular affected individual in order to replicate a good actmore regularly. This individual named stimuli with this particular influence the particular re-inforcers. Watson discovered in which by giving reinforcement within a methodical method a single couldshape the particular behavior throughout sought after guidelines. Url to operant Instructors have benefited probably the most from Skinners essential function inreinforcement as a method involving preventing and encouraging college student behavior. Itsvarious programs in order to school room exercise are normally named behaviour modification, a method many teachers consider to get certainly one of theirmost important tools for bettering both finding out and behavior of their pupils. (Charles). Sorts of behavioural Finding out Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (or a key component conditioning) is a form of finding out during which someones behavior is altered by means of their antecedents and outcomes. A key component conditioning was initially found out and printed byJerzy Konorski and has been also referred to as Type II reflexes. Mechanisms involving a key component conditioning claim that the particular behavior may alter throughout kind, frequency, or even strength. The particular expression operant behavior and respondent behavior ended up popularized by means of B. F. Skinner whom worked on imitation involving Konorskis studies. [1] The particular ex- is the term for an item involving behavior thats at first spontaneous, rather than a response to any previous stimulation, nevertheless as their outcomes may bolster or even hinder recurrence of the behavior. [2] Operant conditioning is known from established conditioning (or respondent conditioning) because operant conditioning refers to the particular reinforcement and consequence to switch behavior. Operant behaviour runs around the environment and is also preserved by means of their antecedents and outcomes, even though established conditioning is preserved by means of conditioning involving reflexive (reflex) behaviors, which might be elicited by means of antecedent circumstances. Behaviours trained via a established conditioning process arent preserved by means of outcomes. [3] These people both, nevertheless, kind the particular central involving behavior analysis and have absolutely produced straight into specialist procedures. Time-honored conditioning Though operant conditioning takes on the largest purpose throughout talks involving behavioural systems, established conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning or even respondent conditioning) is additionally an essential behaviour-analytic procedure that require certainly not consider mind or even different internal operations. Pavlovs studies having pet dogs provide the majority of familiar illustration with the established conditioning process. Within uncomplicated conditioning, the dog has been offered any stimulation say for example a lighting or maybe a sound, after which food has been slipped into the particular dogs lips. From handful of reps on this series, the particular lighting or even sound alone caused the dog in order to salivate. [23] Though Pavlov recommended a number of sensitive physical operations that could be involved with established conditioning, these kind of never have been recently established. Which can be the majority of relevant to instruction? Whilst both cognitivism and behaviourism usually are both sensible finding out hypotheses, cognitivism possesses overshadowed behaviourism because the principal point of view. For the last 2 decades and much more strictly in the change with the century, behaviourism will no longer retains the particular dominance the item when presented like a finding out concept. Unhappiness having behaviourism à ¢s à ¢thoughtlessà ¢ procedure for finding out, cognitivism and its subcategories involving multiple cleverness, brain-based finding out and learner-style finding out have usurped behaviourism because the the majority of widely appropriate and applied hypotheses nowadays. Even though behaviourist hypotheses reveal finding out when it comes to firmly visible behaviour while using spanish student like a passive individual involving knowledge by way of stimulus-response relationship while using environment, cognitivists view the particular spanish student just as one energetic participator inside finding out procedure. Cognitivist spot better fascination with knowledge, this means, motives, emotions, ingenuity, expectations and thought processes as well as cognitive set ups and operations for example ram, understanding, problem-solving, understanding, interest, and concept- Finding out. Regardless of the significant big difference between the two hypotheses the fact that behaviourists will not consider the mind operations in which underlie cognitive finding out concept cognitivists and behaviourists talk about identical thinking. The two think finding out hypotheses should be target and relying on the outcome involving empirical research. The two take notice of the responses men and women help to make in order to various stimulation circumstances. The two hypotheses believe in comments. The two focus on the particular effect environment possesses upon the particular spanish student. Finally, both think knowledge impacts finding out. You can find, needless to say variations in the specifics of concept. Since accomplish present day cognitivists, behaviourists presented the belief that finding out concept should be objectively relying on the outcome involving empirical data. However, behaviourists cannot analyze the internal cognitive operations in which create the par ticular responses they will documented considering that the technological innovation has been non-existent.  Behaviourists selected never to incorporate mind situations within their finding out hypotheses, quarrelling in which this sort of situations ended up not possible to see and evaluate therefore cannot become researched objectively. Cognitivists agree in which pay back aids affect finding out and behaviour. These people purely take issue regarding the cause of in which pay back. Brain-based research have tested how the mental faculties comes with an innate pay back method named endorphins. Cognitivists seem a lot more at the way men and women procedure the particular stimuli they will come across.

Environmental Protection Agency and Texas

Environmental Protection Agency and Texas The Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, is a federal agency charged with monitoring and maintaining a healthy environment in America. Many credit U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson with spurring interest in the environmental movement, he created Earth Day in the spring of 1970 which led to the creation of the EPA in December of that year. The EPA monitors a huge array of environmental issues in America. The agency scrutinizes everything from the fuel standards to mercury levels in lakes and landfill regulations. Natural resource programs were established in Texas at the turn of the 20th century, motivated initially by concerns over the management of water resources and water rights. In parallel with developments in the rest of the nation, and at the federal level, state natural-resource efforts broadened at mid-century to include the protection of air and water resources, and later to the regulation of generating hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality strives to protect our states public health and natural resources consistent with sustainable economic development. Their goal is clean air, clean water, and the safe management of waste. TCEQ for short, essentially is Texass version of the EPA. Texas has had a rough relationship with the Environmental Protection Agency. Texas legislators and business owners have refused EPA monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions and air permit requirements in the state. Reasons for this vary and include claims of states rights and rejection of EPA rulings on the dangers of six greenhouse gases. In May 2011, the Texas House passed a measure asking federal legislators to prevent the EPA from regulating emissions in the state under the Clean Air Act. The state lost similar legal battles in 2010 and 2011. The state has spent approximately $1.4 million on the cases so far, chiefly centered on air quality and climate issues that it says are intended to protect public health. The EPA has five main goals: Addressing climate change and improving air quality, Protecting Americas waters, cleaning up communities and advancing sustainable development, ensuring the safety of chemicals and preventing pollution, and protecting human health and the environment by enforcing laws and assuring compliance. Air pollution, one of the EPAs main concerns, comes from many different sources: stationary sources such as factories, power plants, and smelters and smaller sources such as dry cleaners and degreasing operations; mobile sources such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains; and naturally occurring sources such as windblown dust, and volcanic eruptions, all contribute to air pollution. The Clean Air Act establishes a number of permitting programs designed to carry out the goals of the act. Some of these programs are directly implemented by EPAs South Central Region also known as Region 6, but most are carried out by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Air Quality can be affected in many ways by the pollution emitted from these sources. These pollution sources can also emit a wide variety of pollutants. The number one air pollutant is Carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide or CO is a colorless, odorless gas formed by the incomplete reaction of air with fuel. CO pollution occurs primarily from emissions produced by fossil fuel powered engines, including motor vehicles and non-road engines and vehicles. Higher levels of CO generally occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. Other sources of CO emissions include industrial processes, residential wood burning, and natural sources such as forest fires. Oil and gas facilities in Texas released more than 20 million pounds of illegal sulfur dioxide emissions, which contribute to smog and acidification of water and soil, during breakdowns and maintenance activities in 2014 and 68 million pounds in 2015. The states enforcement of air pollution limits in permits has been poor. When Texas does impose penalties for violations, the fines are often small in comparison to the cost to public health and the profits generated by the industry. Another main pollution concern is water. Texas is the second-biggest water polluter in the country, in terms of pounds released. But when the toxicity of the pollution is factored in, Texas jumps to the top of the list. The top overall water polluter in Texas was the Pilgrims Pride chicken-processing plant in Mount Pleasant, which in 2012 dumped 2.8 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the Tankersley River in Northeast Texas. Working on these issues in Texas isnt easy, with powerful polluter lobbies that are used to getting what they want from state legislators and regulators. The only feasible way to promote solutions to the government and win is by forming an organization. Starting small and then expanding by getting more and more concerned citizens involved would go a long way. The organization would have to build traction and earn its place amongst the large companies and government agencies. The citizens, once organized into a force could boycott companies not in compliance wi th EPA or the communitys standards, sue large corporations for any number of shortcomings, and in short make change happen. The people hold more power together than they ever do individually and it will take cooperation on an extraordinary scale for such an idea to exist. There are five main U.S. environmental laws. These include the Clean Air Act which divides the country into air quality regions and sets goals for the concentration of various pollutants in the air. After that is the Clean Water Act, its goals are to eliminate discharge of all pollutants and to restore and maintain the quality of the nations waters so they are fishable and swimmable. Another is the Safe Drinking Water Act which is in place to ensure water is consumable and looks clean. The SDWA also protects the quality of underground water sources. Next comes the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act which manages the generation, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes from operating facilities, and minimize waste disposal to land. Finally, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act covers the clean-up of abandoned hazardous waste sites and spills, and provides for community right-to-know of industrial waste management practices. Texas is usually going head to head with the Environmental Protection Agency arguing over a regulation of some manner. The EPA usually is the winner in these arguments from limits on greenhouse gas emissions to restrictions on air pollution that crosses state lines. During the Obama administration Texas, has sued the EPA and the federal government more than 50 times over environmental concerns. These lawsuits seem petty and wasteful of tax payers money to some. While others are glad that Texas is still up for sticking it to big government and making sure that they are not over reaching on boundaries trying to use powers that congress has not given them. Texas is continuously in court with the EPA because the EPA is encroaching on Texass management of air quality standards. The EPA is only doing so because Texas is doing the bare minimum to reduce pollution. It is doing what is required within the regulations so that it remains in compliance with the acts. However, it is still so litt le that then the EPA has to try and force Texas to do more than just the bare minimum and that invokes a lawsuit because they do not have jurisdiction to do such a thing. It is asinine and a poor representation of what our state government is capable of but with all of the major corporations backing the state Texas will continue in this manner. Congress would need to amend the acts to give the EPA more power in the matter. This however, is unlikely because that would-be encroachment on states rights. The fact of the matter is the Texas Government does not want to do it so therefore it will do everything in its power not to. Unless a major power switch were to occur or perhaps a major push via the citizens of Texas this charade will continue. It all amounts to unnecessary spending just to allow big business freedom to do as it wishes at the cost of the populations health and in increase in their wallet size. Texas would much rather figure out its environmental issues on its own. A state set in its ways, it is not about to let the federal government have compete dictation over any of its policies. Beneficial or not Texas will conduct itself as it sees fit. Interference or forced control will meet opposition immediately at no consideration of expense. The wins Texas has acquired against the federal government has made it proud even though the losses fairly outweigh them. Texas may never agree with EPA on its regulations but the choices made by Texas now will largely effect environmental consequences for years to come. Works Cited Dawson, B. (2010, August 5). Texas officials say they wont implement EPAs climate rules. Retrieved from Texas Climate News: http://texasclimatenews.org/?p=357 EPA in Texas. (2016, December 23). Retrieved from EPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency: https://www.epa.gov/tx%20 Everything You Need to Know About the EPA. (2017). Retrieved from StateImpact: https://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/tag/epa/ History of the TCEQ and Its Predecessor Agencies. (2016, January 26). Retrieved from Texas Commision On Environmental Quality: https://www.tceq.texas.gov/about/tceqhistory.html Satija, N. (2014, April 29). Supreme Courts Air Pollution Ruling Goes Against Texas. Retrieved from The Texas Tribune: https://www.texastribune.org/2014/04/29/texas-loses-fight-against-epa-air-pollution-rule/ Satija, N., Carbonell, L., McCrimmon, R. (2017, January 17). Texas vs. the Feds A Look at the Lawsuits. Retrieved from The Texas Tribune: https://www.texastribune.org/2017/01/17/texas-federal-government-lawsuits/ The States Water by Region . (n.d.). Retrieved from Texas Parks Wildlife: http://tpwd.texas.gov/landwater/water/environconcerns/regions/

Fascism And Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

. Fascism and Communism are two different forms of government that were very similar. Fascism is a 20th century form of nationalistic, militaristic, totalitarian dictatorship that seeks to create a feasible society through strict regimentation of national and individual lives. Communism is type of government in which there is no private property and the government controls the entire economy. Communism tries to satisfy the basic needs of society by sharing work and benefits. Both theories were dictatorships that at first were loved by the people and soon later hated by them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In October of 1922 Mussolini was named the premier. He used his militia to purge local governments of any opposition to Fascism. Under the worsening conditions when Italy was about to collapse, the Fascists party appealed to the frustrations of soldiers and the middle class. The Fascists offered a return to traditional values, promising to bring Italy back to a position of glory again. Most importantly, the Fascist’s offered to do something about the deteriorating conditions. On October 24, 1917, Bolshevik forces and their allies began seizing essential centers of power. By the next morning, the Bolsheviks informed the still- assembled congress of soviets that they had taken power in the name of the Russian worker and peasant and had established a temporary government. The events of October introduced a single Communist government in Russia for the first time. Non- Bolshev...

Contrasting Yeats’ Second Coming and Shelleys Ozymandias Essay

Contrasting Yeats’ Second Coming and Shelley's Ozymandias      Ã‚   William Butler Yeats specialized in the early Modernists style of literature.   Coming just out of the Late Victorian age, Yeats used strong literary and historic elements in literary form to evoke his symbolic message in "The Second Coming."   Through the use of his theme of the "new Apocalypse," (lecture notes on Early 20th Century Modernism) he imagined the world was coming into a state of unsurity from the post-WWI Modernist experience.   The war left people in a state of chaos, and although the war was meant to bring people a sense of hope for no more wars in the future, it did far more damage then good, especially in people's minds.   The time in the Modernist era was reflected in the equally chaotic, and choppy word structure in Yeats' poem.   In "The Second Coming" conditions are illustrated as being chaotic, "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;/ Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world" (Yeats, Longman p. 2329: ll. 3-4), confused in a way.   Those wo rds he uses, "fall apart," "cannot hold," and "anarchy" are ...

Decision-Making Process Essay

Decision-making is a part of everyday life. One must decide on a daily basis; which route to take to work, which has less traffic, coffee or breakfast, or if the morning routine is altered by unexpected situations, which way to continue with the day ahead? According to Bateman and Snell (2011), the ideal decision-making process includes six stages; (1) identify and diagnose the problem, (2) generate alternative solutions, (3) evaluate alternatives, (4) make the choice, (5) implement the decision, and (6) evaluate the decision (p. 89). The process does not have to be thoroughly explained to realize many of the decisions one takes goes through these stages or some of them. One of the types of decisions one must carefully think and analyze before irrationally taking the plunge would have to be the purchase of one’s home. This type of decision is a very long-term commitment and a bit expensive. However, if properly acquire the decision; it is very worth-while. Buying a house or home starts at stage 1; one starts with identifying the problem or in this case the â€Å"wanting† to buy something to call home. It then follows to stage 2: generating alternative decisions. Stage 2 one is able to question if the house is really necessary. There are many suitable apartments and housing options as well. In this stage one also gets to question and calculate if it is within budget or if not, what one will have to do to be able to purchase the house. Once the financial side of the situation is evaluated and one still would like to continue it rolls into stage 3. Stage 3 consists of evaluating alternatives. In this stage one can go through the process of seeking locations, areas and house plans to choose what best fits with the ideal perfect home. This stage also allows to pick and choose what is best suitable for your home and knowing if there will be an upgrade made and changing the original price of the house. Staying with two suitable options and deciding from them will glide one to the next stage. Yes or No, Stage 4 is the decision-making part of the process. Once it has been decided to buy the house, the decision is implemented, Stage 5. Starting the necessary contracts and paper work to make this house one’s new home. The last step of the decision-making process is to evaluate the decision. In Stage 6 consists of one finalizing the process and setting down the last signature on the paper work and/or putting the down payment out on the table. In this type of choice all the steps in the decision-making process were followed. Nothing could have made it easier. As one can see the purchase of a new home, car, changing jobs and/or even choosing what school to send children to takes a decision-making process. Not all the steps are needed in some cases but some steps are automatically done like choosing alternatives.

Did the Church Help or Hinder the Progress of Medicine in the Middle Ages?Did the Church Help or Hinder the Progress of Medicine in the Middle Ages?

Did the church help or hinder the progress of medicine in the middle Ages? In this essay I will be looking at the different aspects of medicine in the Middle Ages and accessing how the church helped or hindered their development. As there was a lot of unrest at the start of the middle Ages the church is important because it preserved a lot of things. It also provided a way of life, so it was very influential. The Church did not encourage the development of new medical ideas, it was not in their interest.When Roger Bacon (a thirteenth century priest) he suggested that a new approach to medicine was needed he said that doctors should their own original research instead of learning from the books of ancient writers such as Galen. Church leaders put him in prison for heresy there is an engraving showing him smuggling his work out of prison. The church banned dissection for a time, however from 1492 the pope allowed dissection as long as the body was that of a criminal. The first medical school was set up in Salerno in 900 AD by the church.By the Montpellier in France was the most famous but there was a number of others at these school students listened to lectures where the teachers read out passages from the work of Galen and other ancient writers. The church did provide some training for doctors as they gave money to the universities. Without this money, the universities would not have been able to survive. Students would be able to listen to a lecturer talk about the work of Galen. In France, the church allowed the students to dissect one body a year for research.However, the doctor would only watch as the dissection was done. The church taught that Galen’s ideas were correct so that idea that dissection could be used to check his ideas did not cross anyone’s mind. Dissection was used to illustrate Galen’s ideas about the body. The church had taught different types of cure for illness. Thousands of people flocked to Canterbury because it was said that Becket’s blood could cure blindness, leprosy and deafness. The church taught that prayer could cure illness. Holy oil and water were used to treat people.Many people carried parchments from the bible to warn off disease. The church paid for hospitals to be built. It taught that it was your Christian duty to look after the sick. In the 13th century over 160 hospitals were built. The monasteries had libraries. However, only monks had access to the books. The church could ban books that it did not like. The monks would teach children to read. Some religious houses had very strict rules because the most seriously ill people would need a lot of looking after. No lepers or lunatics, or person having the falling sickness or contagious disease. No pregnant women, or suckling infants, no intolerable persons even if they are infirm should be allowed in the house. † From the rules of a religious hospital in 1219. A cure for toothache in the 1300’s recommended by John of Gaddesden a leading English doctor â€Å"Write these words on the jaw of the patient. â€Å"In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, Amen. † The pain will then cease at once. Monasteries were used to care for the sick.Many had running water and provided fresh food and rest to the poorest people. â€Å"Care for the sick stands before you all. You must help them as Christ would. Let it be the chief concern of the Abbot that the care of the sick be his main concern. â€Å"From the rules of Benedictine monasteries. The monks were not trained doctors and were more likely to pray for you than give you effective treatment. The church had also taught that kings had a link to God that gave them the power to heal. Alms-houses gave shelter to the poor, the elderly, widows, young children and pregnant women.They were run by priests but no real medical help was given. Many monasteries had herb gardens. The monks used their knowledge of medicine from the books in their lib raries to make herbal remedies. However, there is little evidence of them being able to make new cures for disease. Because of the church, doctors had to have a licence to practice medicine. This is the beginning of qualifications for doctors. After the 13th century it was illegal for a person to call themselves a doctor without having formal training.